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Саморазрядом называют снижение емкости аккумуляторов при разомкнутой внешней цепи, то есть при бездействии. Саморазряду исключительно подвержен минусовый электрод в итоге беспричинного растворения свинца (негативной энергичной массы) в растворе h2so4 (электролите). Присутствие примесей разных металлов на поверхности негативного электрода свинцового автомобильного аккумулятора оказывает крайне существенное могущество на увеличение скорости саморастворения свинца. Фактически все металлы, встречающиеся в виде примесей в аккумуляторном сырье, электролите и сепараторах либо вводимые в виде особых добавок, содействуют возрастанию саморазряда.
Саморазряд может появляться и в случаях, когда аккумулятор снаружи загрязнен либо залит электролитом, водой, либо другими жидкостями, которые создают вероятность разряда через электропроводную пленку, образующуюся между полюсными выводами автомобильного аккумулятора либо его перемычками. Этот вид саморазряда различается от обыкновенного разряда очень малыми токами при замкнутой внешней цепи и легко устраним. Для этого нужно содержать поверхность автомобильных аккумуляторов сухой и чистой.
Саморазряд аккумуляторных батарей в существенной мере зависит от температуры электролита, с понижением температуры саморазряд уменьшается. При температуре ниже 0°С у новых автомобильных аккумуляторов он фактически прекращается. Следственно хранение автомобильных аккумуляторов рекомендуется в заряженном состоянии при низких температурах (до минус 30°С).
Для снижения скорости саморазряда нужно применять для выпуска аккумуляторных батарей свыше чистые материалы. В первую очередь следует сокращать количественное оглавление легирующих деталей в аккумуляторных сплавах, применять лишь чистую серную кислоту и дистиллированную (либо близкую к ней по чистоте при иных способах чистки) влагу для приготовления всех растворов электролитов, как при производстве, так и при эксплуатации автомобильных аккумуляторов. Скажем, вследствие оглавлению сурьмы в сплаве токоотводов с 6 до 2% и применению дистиллированной либо деминерализированной воды для всех технологических электролитов среднесуточный саморазряд падает в 4 раза. Замена сурьмы на кальций разрешает еще больше уменьшить скорость саморазряда.
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